Written byRichard Webb | November 6, 2019
Time expressions are incredibly useful in any language. Sometimes, even if you can’t say much else, the ability to refer to different points in time can make a world of difference.
In this article, we’ll go over the basics of how to specify different points in time in Japanese, including the most important part – how to use these expressions in a sentence.
Before we get started, however, we need to be clear about one thing…
Expressions of time are often lumped together into a single group, but the reality is there are different types of time expressions. The main three are:
- Timing = when something happens
- Frequency = how often something happens
- Period/duration = how long something happens for
In this article, we will be focusing on the first one – timing.
(For a detailed explanation of all three, with tons of examples, check out chapter 6 of my book).
Where time expressions fit into a sentence
This is a topic where it makes a lot of sense to start at the end and work backwards. The reason for this is because there are, broadly speaking, two types of time expressions, and what differentiates them is how we use them in a sentence.
First, let’s see where time words fit into the overall picture, using this diagram from my Sentence Structure Cheat Sheet:
As the diagram shows, one of the places “Time” appears is in the ‘Other information’ section. Generally speaking, information appearing in the ‘Other Information’ section can be included in a sentence in any order – as long as we use the right particles.
What’s more, unlike most other key elements in basic Japanese sentences, time expressions also often appearbeforethe topic. (Others can too in certain cases, but it’s less common).
This basically means that time expressions can appear anywhere in a Japanese sentence, as long as it’s before the verb.
To be clear, the position does affect the emphasis of the sentence, but with the right particles in place, the fundamental meaning of the sentence is generally unaffected by the order of the elements. We’ll look at natural word order again a bit later.
First, let’s see a couple of examples:
Today, I will go to work by train.
kyō, watashi wa densha de shigoto ni ikimasu.
きょう、 わたし は でんしゃ で しごと に いきます。
今日、私は電車で仕事に行きます。
My older brother did some shopping in Ueno on Thursday.
ani wa mokuyōbi ni ueno de kaimono wo shimashita.
あに は もくようび に うえの で かいもの を しました。
兄は木曜日に上野で買い物をしました。
In the first example, we have the time expression before the topic, and in the second, it comes after the topic [+waは]. We could have easily changed this order, but again, that’s something we’ll worry about a bit later.
First, we need to address the other major elephant in the room that these two examples highlight –when do we need to include the particle“ni”「に」?
Basically, there are two types of words or phrases that describe points in time, and whether or not “ni”「に」 is needed depends on which category a given time phrase belongs to.
Let’s take a close look at that now, and put any lingering confusion about this topic well and truly behind us.
Types of time phrases (and deciding which time phrases need “ni”)
Broadly speaking, we can divide words that describe timing into two types:
- Time words that describe a point in time relative to “now”
- Time words that rely on context for specificity
The reason we want to understand what these two groups mean is pretty simple. When used in a sentence:
- Relative-to-now time phrases should not be followed by “ni”「に」
- Context-dependent time phrases should be followed by “ni”「に」
So, let’s see what these two groups really are. We’ll use English examples in most of our explanations here since a) that’s easier, and b)this concept applies to both English and Japanese.
Time words relative to “now”
Words in this category describe points in time based on when they are/were relative to the moment when they are said.
“Now” itself is the obvious one. If I say “now” at 2pm on Friday, it means 2pm on Friday, but if I say it at 5pm on Saturday, it means 5pm on Saturday. Obviously.
The exact point in time it refers to changes according to when I say it.
The same is true for a word like “tomorrow”. It means the day after the current one, so depending on when the current day is – when “now” is – the exact timing of “tomorrow” varies.
In English, words in this category do not need one of the prepositions of time – in, on, at – when used in a sentence. For example, we wouldn’t say “at now” or “on tomorrow”.
In Japanese,words in this category do not need the particle “ni”「に」when used in a sentence. Here are some of the most common ones:
Now | ima今 |
Today | kyō今日 |
Yesterday | kinō昨日 |
Tomorrow | ashita明日 |
This morning | kesa今朝 |
Tonight | kon’ya今夜 |
This week | konshū今週 |
Last week | senshū先週 |
Next week | raishū来週 |
This month | kongetsu今月 |
Last month | sengetsu先月 |
Next month | raigetsu来月 |
This year | kotoshi今年 |
Last year | kyonen去年 |
Next year | rainen来年 |
Notice that all of them refer to a specific point or span of time that will change as time progresses.
Time words that depend on context for specificity
Words of this type do not depend exclusively on when “now” is, but rather on the context within which they are used. The reason for this is because these time units arerepeating.
For example, the word “Tuesday” could be used to describe exactly 1/7thof all days that have ever been or ever will be. There have been and will be many, many Tuesdays, so if we want to use the word “Tuesday” in a sentence, we need to give it context in order to knowwhichTuesday we are referring to.
In English, words like this need a time preposition – in, on or at – to be used in a sentence. In the case of “Tuesday”, that would be “on”, while for times we use “at” (eg. at 6 o’clock) and for months we use “in” (eg. in March).
In Japanese, time words that depend on context need to be followed by the particle “ni”「に」 when used in a sentence.
The particle does get omitted sometimes colloquially, but for a sentence to be grammatically correct and complete, it should be included.
Now, in both English and Japanese, we also need to provide sufficient context, but how do we do that?
One way, of course, is to say something like “on Tuesday the 5thof November 2019”. The date gives us the context we need in order to understand exactly which Tuesday we’re talking about.
Usually, however, it’s much easier than that. Much of the time, the context needed is actually implied to be “now”, such as in this example:
On Tuesday, I played golf.
watashi wa kayōbi ni gorufu wo shimashita.
わたし は かようび に ゴルフ を しました。
私は火曜日にゴルフをしました。
In both languages, it is implied here that the Tuesday being referred to is the most recent one. Now, yes, this is relative to now, but consider this similar example:
On Tuesday, I will play golf.
watashi wa kayōbi ni gorufu wo shimasu.
わたし は かようび に ゴルフ を します。
私は火曜日にゴルフをします。
The time expression…
on Tuesday
kayōbi ni
かようび に
火曜日に
…is identical to the previous example, but the Tuesday being referred to is different. So how do we know which Tuesday it is?
Context.
To be clear, there are two “pieces” of context in these examples:
- “On Tuesday”/“kayōbi ni”「火曜日に」 lacks more detail other than that it is a Tuesday, and this virtually always means “on the nearest Tuesday to now”. The only time it doesn’t is when there is – you guessed it – more context provided.
- The verb tense – play/shimasuします vs played/shimashitaしました – tells us if it is the nearest Tuesday in the future or past.
Both of these pieces of information are necessary to understand which Tuesday is being referred to.
By contrast, if we just said, “tomorrow”, then even if we used the wrong verb tense, we would know that the golfing is happening on the day after the current one. We don’t need any more context than that.
In fact, you could spontaneously walk up to someone in the street and say “Tomorrow!”, and they would immediately know what day you are talking about. (Please try this and report back.)
Another way to describe context-dependent time phrases would be to say thatthe points in time they refer to do not shift as time progresses.
For example, if we are talking about a specific Tuesday, it doesn’t matter when we say it – it will start and end at the same time regardless of whether we talk about it now, tomorrow, or five years into the future. We just have to make sure we provide enough context for it to be clear which Tuesday we are referring to.
This is clearly not the case with words like “tomorrow”, however, as the day we call “tomorrow” will start and end at a different time each day.
This helps explain why, for example, we need to use the particle “ni”「に」 with years. Here’s an example:
In 2012, Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister of Japan.
nisen jūni nen ni, abe shinzō ga nihon no sōridaijin ni narimashita.
にせんじゅうにねん に、 あべしんぞう が にほん の そうりだいじん に なりました。
2012年に、安倍晋三が日本の総理大臣になりました。
We generally need to include “ni”「に」 after the year for this to be grammatically correct. Either rule can explain why:
- The year 2012 doesn’t shift as time passes, so this make sense.
- It’s less obvious how this is dependent on context, though that rule can still be applied. Put simply, 2012 in this case refers to 2012 AD on the Gregorian calendar – not 2012 BC, or 2012 on some other calendar. But how do we know this for sure? Because in the context of the world we live in, it is extremely unlikely to be anything else – at least, not without… more context!
So with that, the main time expressions that do need to be followed by “ni”「に」 when used in a sentence include:
- The time of day
- The days of the week
- The days of the month
- The months of the year
- Seasons
- Years
- A few other words such as, “morning”, “afternoon”, “evening” and “night”
Notice that they are all repeating, context-dependent expressions of time that do not shift as time progresses.
Without going into too much detail, here is how we express each of these:
Days of the week
Monday | getsuyōbi月曜日 |
Tuesday | kayōbi火曜日 |
Wednesday | suiyōbi水曜日 |
Thursday | mokuyōbi木曜日 |
Friday | kin’yōbi金曜日 |
Saturday | doyōbi土曜日 |
Sunday | nichiyōbi日曜日 |
Seasons
Summer | natsu夏 |
Autumn | aki秋 |
Winter | fuyu冬 |
Spring | haru春 |
Vague times of day
Morning | asa朝 |
Afternoon | gogo午後 |
Evening | yūgata夕方 |
Night | yoru夜 |
Months of the year
January | ichigatsu1月 |
February | nigatsu2月 |
March | sangatsu3月 |
April | shigatsu4月 |
May | gogatsu5月 |
June | rokugatsu6月 |
July | shichigatsu7月 |
August | hachigatsu8月 |
September | kugatsu9月 |
October | jūgatsu10月 |
November | jūichigatsu11月 |
December | jūnigatsu12月 |
Time of day
The time of day is expressed as follows:
[Number of the hour] + ji時 + [Number of minutes] + fun分
Here’s an example:
11:25
jūichi ji nijūgo fun
じゅういち じ にじゅうご ふん
11時25分
Please note, however, that the pronunciation of the minutes, “fun”「ふん」, is changed to “pun”「ぷん」 for certain numbers.
If there are no minutes, the time phrase just ends with “ji”「時」, for example, 11 o’clock would be simply “jūichi ji”「11時」.
Also, __:30 can be expressed as “half-past” by substituting “han”「半」 in place of the minutes, so 11:30, for example, can be expresses as “jūichi ji han”「11時半」.
Days of the month
The first ten days of the month, plus the 14th and 24th, are expressed as follows:
1st | tsuitachi1日 | 2nd | futsuka2日 | |
3rd | mikka3日 | 4th | yokka4日 | |
5th | itsuka5日 | 6th | muika6日 | |
7th | nanoka7日 | 8th | yōka8日 | |
9th | kokonoka9日 | 10th | tōka10日 | |
14th | jūyokka14日 | 24th | nijūyokka24日 |
The remaining days of the month are expressed instead like this:
[Number of the day] + nichi日
Years
Years are expressed simply as follows:
[Number of the year] + nen年
Importantly, the number of the year is pronounced like a normal number, not broken into chunks as is often done in English where we might say, “twenty nineteen” or “nineteen eighty-four”. Here’s an example:
2019
nisen jūkyū nen
にせん じゅうきゅう ねん
2019年
For a much more detailed explanation of numbers and counters, including those used in time expressions, check outmy book.
The fallback/lazy option for deciding when to use “ni”「に」
As we have seen, this categorization of time phrases applies to both English and Japanese. Well, that actually gives us a way to cheat when figuring out whether to use “ni”「に」 or not.
In almost every case, the need for “ni”「に」 corresponds with a need for a preposition in English. Let’s look at some examples:
ima今 = now (not “at now”)
kyō今日 = today (not “on today”)
senshū先週 = last week (not “on last week”)
rainen来年 = next year (not “in next year”)
nichiyōbi ni日曜日に = on Sunday
rokuji ni6時に = at 6 o’clock
So, if you’re ever unsure, you can almost always look to English to see if you should use “ni”「に」. Of course, relying on your ability to translate is not always particularly practical, but as a last resort, it will do the job.
*The main exception where this doesn’t work is with compound time phrases. We will look at that shortly, but as an example, “next Wednesday” does not require the use of “on”, but the Japanese equivalent – raishū no suiyōbi ni来週の水曜日 – does. This is really just because of the different way that these words are bound together into a single phrase in English. A direct translation of the Japanese expression would be something like, “On the Wednesday of next week”, and in this situation, “on” is needed in English too.
Hopefully it is clear now when it is (and is not) necessary to use the particle “ni”「に」 after a time expression in a sentence. Now, let’s put this to use and build some real sentences.
Using Japanese time expressions in a sentence
Now that we know when and when not to use the particle “ni”「に」, let’s go back to our sentence diagram and try building a few sentences using each type of time expression.
As we said, the timing expression can basically go anywhere, as long as it’s before the verb. Let’s try it with some examples.
Here are a few ways we can express this:
Yesterday, I ate sushi in Tsukiji.
kinō, watashi wa tsukiji de sushi wo tabemashita.
きのう、 わたし は つきじ で すし を たべました。
昨日、私は築地ですしを食べました。
watashi wa kinō, tsukiji de sushi wo tabemashita.
わたし は きのう、 つきじ で すし を たべました。
私は昨日、築地ですしを食べました。
watashi wa tsukiji de kinō sushi wo tabemashita.
わたし は つきじ で きのう すし を たべました。
私は築地で昨日すしを食べました。
Let’s try another one:
At 8 o’clock, I will watch a movie with my friend.
watashi wa hachiji ni tomodachi to eiga wo mimasu
わたし は はちじ に ともだち と えいが を みます。
私は8時に友達と映画を見ます。
watashi wa tomodachi to hachiji ni eiga wo mimasu
わたし は ともだち と はちじ に えいが を みます。
私は友達と8時に映画を見ます。
watashi wa tomodachi to eiga wo hachiji ni mimasu
わたし は ともだち と えいが を はちじ に みます。
私は友達と映画を8時に見ます。
Now, although time expressions can basically appear anywhere, for more natural-sounding sentences, its best location tends to be either before the topic, or as the first thing after the topic. Check out my article about Japanese word order for more about typical, natural word order in Japanese sentences.
Here are some more example sentences that include various timing phrases from both categories. For all of them, the time expressions can be moved elsewhere in the sentence like in the examples above.
Yesterday, I went to the library.
watashi wa kinō toshokan ni ikimashita.
わたし は きのう としょかん に いきました。
私は昨日図書館に行きました。
Miho will go to Nagoya by bullet train next week.
raishū, miho wa shinkansen de nagoya ni ikimasu.
らいしゅう、みほ は しんかんせん で なごや に いきます。
来週、みほは新幹線で名古屋に行きます。
(Read more about the Japanese expressions for giving and receiving here.)
On Monday, I received a souvenir from my colleague.
watashi wa getsuyōbi ni dōryō kara omiyage wo moraimashita.
わたし は げつようび に どうりょう から おみやげ を もらいました。
私は月曜日に同僚からお土産をもらいました。
Kazuya will graduate from university in March.
sangatsu ni kazuya wa daigaku wo sotsugyō shimasu
さんがつ に かずや は だいがく を そつぎょう します。
3月にかずやは大学を卒業します。
Combining Japanese time phrases
Sometimes it’s enough to just use one timing word, but often we need two or more. To make sure we don’t get confused, I’m going to break this section into two parts:
- How to combine Japanese time expressions
- How to use time expression combinations in a sentence
This way, we can focus on learning how to say things like, “Sunday night”, and then worry about fitting this into a sentence later.
How to combine Japanese time phrases
Here are some examples of the types of time expressions we can create when we combine multiple individual time words or phrases together:
- Last Thursday
- Next September
- 6pm tomorrow
- The first of January
- Monday evening
- Yesterday morning
- July 24th, 2020
- The last day of next month at 9am
The way we combine time expression varies a little bit depending on the type of time expressions we are combining.
For most time expression combinations, we need to show that one of the time phrases is a subset of the other time phrase using the particle “no”「の」:
Last Thursday (Thursday of last week)
senshū no mokuyōbi
せんしゅう の もくようび
先週の木曜日
In general terms, the particle “no”「の」 works like this:
A non-time-related example of this would be:
my name
watashi no namae
わたし の なまえ
私の名前
The thing after “no”「の」, “namae”「名前」 belongs to the thing before “no”「の」, “watashi”「私」. In other words, the name belongs to me, hence it is “my name”.
The same idea applies to time phrases like our example:
senshū no mokuyōbi
せんしゅう の もくようび
先週の木曜日
The Thursday belongs to last week, so it is “last week’s Thursday”, which in English we shorten to simply “last Thursday” (there is no such alternative phrasing in Japanese).
When we combine time expressions using “no”「の」 like this, the most important thing to remember is this:
Time expressions linked by “no”「の」 should be in order from largest to smallest.
Last week, a 7-day period, is “larger” than Thursday, a single day. The Thursday must belong to last week, not the other way around, so “senshū”「先週」 needs to be before the “no”「の」, and “mokuyōbi”「木曜日」 after it. Here are a few more examples showing this:
Next September
rainen no kugatsu
らいねん の くがつ
来年の9月
Monday evening
getsuyōbi no yūgata
げつようび の ゆうがた
月曜日の夕方
Tomorrow morning
ashita no asa
あした の あさ
明日の朝
The afternoon of last Thursday
senshū no mokuyōbi no gogo
せんしゅう の もくようび の ごご
先週の木曜日の午後
As you can see, the “larger” (or less specific) time expressions are always first, with each subsequent one being “smaller” (or more specific) than those that come before them.
Situations where we don’t use “no”
There are a few situations, however, where “no”「の」 is not required, the main two beingdates and times. To express dates, for example, we simply string together the year, month and day in that order – no “no”「の」 is needed:
July 24th, 2020
nisen nijū nen shichigatsu nijū yokka
にせん にじゅう ねん しちがつ にじゅう よっか
2020年7月24日
Similarly, if we want to express a time of day, we just say the hour then the minutes, without “no”「の」 in between:
6:15
rokuji jūgo fun
ろくじ じゅうご ふん
6時15分
Now, if we want to combine dates and times with each other, or with anything else, we generally would include “no”「の」 between those “chunks”. Here’s an example combining a date and a time:
6:15 on July 24th, 2020
nisen nijū nen shichigatsu nijū yokka no rokuji jūgo fun
にせん にじゅう ねん しちがつ にじゅう よっか の ろくじ じゅうご ふん
2020年7月24日の6時15分
Here are a few examples that combine dates or times with other time expressions:
Tomorrow at 4:30
ashita no yojihan
あした の よじはん
明日の4時半
July 24th next year
rainen no shichigatsu nijūyokka
らいねん の しちがつ にじゅうよっか
来年の7月24日
The afternoon of July 24th
shichigatsu nijūyokka no gogo
しちがつ にじゅうよっか の ごご
7月24日の午後
The afternoon of July 24th next year
rainen no shichigatsu nijūyokka no gogo
らいねん の しちがつ にじゅうよっか の ごご
来年の7月24日の午後
July 24th next year at 4:30 in the afternoon
rainen no shichigatsu nijūyokka no gogo no yoji han*
らいねん の しちがつ にじゅうよっか の ごご の よじ はん*
来年の7月24日の午後の4時半*
*This last one showcases one of the most common situations where “no”「の」 is optional. “Gogo no yoji han”「午後の4時半」 will often be expressed just as “gogo yoji han”「午後4時半」, without “no”「の」, though including “no”「の」, as above, is fine too. The same is true when “asa”「朝」 or “gozen”「午前」 (both mean morning) are combined with a time.
The former especially, however, is probably even more commonly expressed as “jūroku jihan”「16時半」, as 24-hour time is very widely used in Japan.
Essentially:
- when combining non-number-based expressions, join them with “no”「の」
- dates don’t need “no”「の」 within them
- times don’t need “no”「の」 within them
- when combining two or more chunks together, we generally need to join them with “no”「の」
- always express them from largest to smallest (or least specific to most specific)
There are so many permutations and colloquialisms that it’s impossible to cover absolutely every possible situation, but stick to the above few rules and you’ll almost always be right.
How to use time phrase combinations in a sentence
Using time expression combinations in a sentence is really no different to the way we use simple time expressions.
Firstly, they can appear in the same locations – that is, before or after the topic, usually closer to the beginning of the sentence.
Secondly, the rules for whether or not to use “ni”「に」 are the same too – we just apply it tothe last word or phrase in the overall time expression. Let’s see an example:
Last Thursday
senshū no mokuyōbi
せんしゅう の もくようび
先週の木曜日
This ends in “mokuyōbi”「木曜日」, and “mokuyōbi”「木曜日」when used alone would require “ni”「に」, so the time expression as a whole requires “ni”「に」. The fact that “senshū”「先週」 wouldn’t need “ni”「に」 if used by itself is irrelevant.
It’s actually even easier than this – you virtually always need “ni”「に」 with time expression combinations because, by definition, time words that express time relative to “now” can’t really be used after “no”「の」; it generally just doesn’t make sense. Let’s try it:
Next week’s now?
raishū no ima?
らいしゅう の いま?
来週の今?
Last year’s tomorrow?
kyonen no ashita?
きょねん の あした?
去年の明日?
When we join time expressions together in a chain, the whole reason we do so is so that the less specific time expressions give us the context we need to better understand the more specific ones.
Relative-to-now time expressions have this context built in, so they shouldn’t ever need further context, and we never need to anchor them to other time expressions.
So, since all time word combinations should end in a context-dependent time phrase, these combinations should always be followed by “ni”「に」 when used in a sentence. Here are some examples:
Shun bought a new car last Thursday.
shun wa senshū no mokuyōbi ni atarashī kuruma wo kaimashita
しゅん は せんしゅう の もくようび に あたらしい くるま を かいました。
しゅんは先週の木曜日に新しい車を買いました。
I start work on April 1st.
watashi wa shigatsu tsuitachi ni shigoto wo hajimemasu
わたし は しがつ ついたち に しごと を はじめます。
私は4月1日に仕事を始めます。
The Tokyo Olympics start on July 24th next year.
tōkyō orinpikku wa rainen no shichigatsu nijū yokka ni hajimarimasu
とうきょう オリンピック はらいねん の しちがつ にじゅうよっか に はじまります。
東京オリンピックは来年の7月24日に始まります。
Key Takeaways
Hopefully you now have a solid understanding of time expressions in Japanese, how to use them in sentences, and when we need to use the particle “ni”「に」. Here are the key points from this lesson:
- Though they can appear almost anywhere in a sentence before the verb, the most common place for time expressions is immediately before or after the topic (and particle “wa”「は」).
- Time expressions that express a time relative to now, such as “ashita”「明日」 (tomorrow), “raishū”「来週」 (next week) and “ima”「今」 (now) itself, do not need to be followed by the particle “ni”「に」 when used in a sentence
- Time expressions that are repeating, do not shift as time progresses, and therefore depend on context for specificity, such as the time of day, days of the week, or months of the year, should always be followed by the particle “ni”「に」 when used in a sentence
- When combining time expressions, most should be joined together with the particle “no”「の」, in order from largest to smallest. The main exceptions are dates and times, which do not need “no”「の」 within themselves to join the year, month and date, or the hours and minutes. With combinations, use “ni”「に」 at the end if the last word in the phrase would normally need it.
Previous
Next
Leave a Reply
I wonder whether its a coincidence that we have two にparticles, time and destination: having a destination implies that you aren’t there yet, which requires time.
Reply
Thanks for the comment, Simon. That’s an interesting way to think about it. Another use of “ni”/「に」 is to mark, as I call it, the “location of existence”, so they all relate in some way to the dimensions of time and space. I don’t think this is a coincidence at all, especially since English is very similar – we use all of “on”, “in” and “at” for time and space in English.
Reply
These exercises are clear, easy to follow and unambiguous. I find them of enormous help.
Reply
Thanks so much Brian! I’m glad it helped.
Reply
I found the “needs context” approach to describing the second category a little roundabout, as it seems to me you could just as easily refer to those as “absolute” (compared to the “relative” nature of the first category). Thursday is a specific and unmoving point in time, though you may need to specify which Thursday for clarity. To me it seems like the specificity and lack of change are the key thing there, not the fact that sometimes clarification is needed.
Reply
I can’t edit my comment, so I’ll add belatedly: overall this was incredibly enlightening! I never parsed those two categories consciously before, and now that I have, I’ll probably never be confused again. It’s just that I think “absolute timing” is an easier way to describe the second group.
Reply
Thanks Marie! Great to hear the article got you thinking about time phrases in a way you hadn’t before. And I’m glad that, for the second group, “absolute timing” was the idea that resonated with you. I guess I’d prefer you felt I over-explained it than the opposite 🙂
Reply
Thanks for a very well written explanation
Reply
I was really screwed for this exam I was taking, but this log has been a life saver! Amazingly well organized and described. I got passionate about learning Japanese after reading this blog.
Reply
Hello Richard,
I was working with your work order practice Excel sheet.
On row 42 there is this ‘He came here by car on Thursday.’ and this translates to かれ は もくようびくるま で ここ に きました
Now according the explaination above I would expect a に after もくようび but there is none. Could you explain this or is this a problem with the sheet?Reply
You’re doing a great job here Richard, I love the way you structure everything step by step and in plain grammar.
Perhaps what I love the most are those diagrams, they really aid learning.Thanks Richard, you should write some more blogs, I’ll be sure to read them and I’m sure many more people will.
ありがとう
Reply
Please install DarkMode on this website. It is easy to read.
Reply
Thank you for this helpful article. In case of stating the time/day/month, etc., rather than the time something is occurring, eg, It is now 6 o’clock, ni is not used : ima rokuji desu.
Reply
Goo
Reply